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Ancient City of Vijayanagara
The Ancient City of Vijayanagara was the urban core of the imperial city and the surrounding principalities of the capital of the Vijayanagar empire during the 14th century to 16th century CE. Notes by foreign travellers such as Abdur Razzak, the Persian who visited Vijayanagara in 1440, mention six fortifications before the gates to the royal palace. The large area between the first and third fortifications contained agricultural fields, gardens and residences. The notes of Robert Sewell describe countless shops and ''bazaars'' (markets) filled with people from different nationalities between this fortification and the palace.
==Capital city in medieval literature==
The capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire was founded on the banks of the Tungabhadra River by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I in the 14th century. The capital city grew with extraordinary rapidity in the early decades of Sangama rule and became one of the biggest cities in the world of the 15th and 16th centuries.〔The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India by Carla M. Sinopoli p.146〕〔Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam by A. Rā Kulakarṇī,M. A. Nayeem,Teotonio R. De Souza p.106〕 The capital city had splendid layout with forts, palaces, gardens and temples in it.〔His. & Civ. For Class Vii by Tata Mcgraw-Hill p.46〕 The construction of major irrigation works during the 15th century under Emperor Deva Raya and under Emperor Krishna Deva Raya in the early 16th century was one of the main reasons why the city flourished and expanded.〔Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam by A. Rā Kulakarṇī,M. A. Nayeem,Teotonio R. De Souza p.106〕 Several foreign travelers visited the city in the 15th and 16th century and were impressed by the magnificence of the city.
The Persian traveler Abdur Razzak who visited the capital city in the 15th century described the city with the following words:" The city of Vijayanagar is such that the pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it, and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world"〔The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India by Balaji Sadasivan p.241-243〕 The Portuguese traveler Domingo
Paes says of the city: " This is the best provided city in the world."〔A Comprehensive History of Medieval India by Farooqui Salma Ahmed,Salma Ahmed Farooqui p.136〕Domingo Paes was overwhelmed by the city and stated:" The people in the city are countless in number, so much so that I do not wish to write it down for fear it should be thought fabulous. What I saw seemed as large as Rome and very beautiful to the sight; there are many groves of trees within it, many orchards and gardens of fruit trees and many conduits of water which flow in the midst of it, and in places there are lakes."〔International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania by Trudy Ring,Robert M. Salkin,Sharon La Boda p.856〕 The Italian traveler Nicolo Conti who visited the city in 1420 CE, estimated the circumference of the city to be sixty miles and was impressed by the strength of its fortifications.〔A Comprehensive History of Medieval India by Farooqui Salma Ahmed,Salma Ahmed Farooqui p.137〕
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